ORAL MICROBIOME Archives - Smile Brilliant

Oil pulling for improved oral health

Anu Isaac — Fri, 09 Aug 2024 07:31:33 +0000

Learn from a dentist how the ancient Ayurvedic practice of oil pulling, or swishing high-quality edible oils in the mouth each day, contributes to oral health in surprising ways.

One of the most important aspects of personal hygiene is oral hygiene, which ensures good oral health. We all know the necessity of brushing our teeth twice daily, rinsing our mouths after every meal, and keeping our tongues clean. A few steps taken beyond these necessary actions go a long way in enhancing our oral health. One of the things that can help is oil Pulling. Oil pulling is an ancient Ayurvedic practice of swishing oil in the mouth for a set time every day. The effect of oil pulling on our teeth is quite good; it kills the microorganisms in our mouth.

Oil pulling is relatively easy, but it does require a certain level of technique and consistency to reap its full benefits. It’s best done on an empty stomach in the morning to flush out the plaque and microorganisms that accumulate overnight. You can use any edible oil, such as olive, coconut, or sunflower, but it’s recommended to use high-quality and cold-pressed oils for maximum benefit of oil pulling on oral health. Many prefer coconut oil for its additional antimicrobial properties and
better taste.

How to do oil pulling?

Measure the oil. Around 5ml or one teaspoon is enough.
Start swishing the oil around your mouth. Initially, do it for around 5 minutes, and increase the time once you get comfortable with the practice. Anywhere between 15 and 20 minutes is ideal.
While oil pulling for good oral health, swishing the oil thoroughly around the mouth and teeth is important. Allow the oil to pass between your teeth, ensuring it reaches all areas in the mouth, both front and back.
Avoid swallowing the oil since it contains all the bacteria and toxins we want to eliminate. The oil might get thinner on swishing when it mixes with saliva, so spit it out.
Brush and rinse post oil pulling.
Do it regularly and consistently for maximum benefits.
Also, remember that it is not a replacement for your regular oral care. Do not stop your routine practices for this. It’s an add-on!

Benefits of oil pulling on oral health

The effect of oil pulling on oral health is quite positive and productive. Regularly practicing oil pulling results in improved oral health and hygiene. Some of the benefits are:

Kills Harmful Bacteria: Tiny food deposits, plaque, and saliva contain hundreds of bacteria that can cause tooth decay, bad breath, cavities, etc. Oil pulling reduces the bacteria in the mouth and saliva. Many dentists say oil pulling is a safer alternative to commercial mouthwashes. However, it must be noted that oil pulling is not selective and can remove both good and bad bacteria. The mouth hosts a diverse microbiome with beneficial bacteria that help maintain oral health by preventing the overgrowth of harmful bacteria. Therefore, while oil pulling can reduce harmful bacteria associated with plaque and bad breath, it may also reduce the number of beneficial bacteria.
Reduces Foul Smell: Bacteria and germs accumulate on the tongue and between teeth gaps, leading to bad breath (called Halitosis). One of the effects of oil pulling on oral health is reducing foul smells and improving the quality of breath.
Prevents Cavities: Whenever there is a layer of bacteria or food particles on our teeth, it leads to decay. The bacteria break the food particles and produce an acid that damages the tooth enamel. Oil pulling reduces bacteria and prevents cavities from forming.
Prevent Gum Pockets:Gum pockets lead to inflammation or bleeding in the gums or, at times, loss of teeth. Natural gum pockets treatment such as oil pulling dilutes the bacteria and has healing properties to reduce inflammation. Additionally, regularly rinsing with saltwater can help to disinfect the mouth and reduce swelling. Consuming a balanced diet rich in vitamins and minerals supports gum health and can aid in healing gum pockets. Gum pockets should not be taken lightly, as they are a sign of poor oral health.
Lower Inflammation: Another problem caused by bacteria in the mouth is Gingivitis, a condition causing redness, inflammation, and bleeding. Since coconut oil has anti-inflammatory properties, oil pulling with coconut oil helps lower inflammation.
Reduce Plaque And Gingivitis: Using sunflower oil for oil pulling reduces plaque and plaque-induced Gingivitis.
Detoxification: Oil works like a magnet for impurities and bacteria in the mouth, preventing them from multiplying or causing further damage. Thus, oil pulling for good oral health includes natural detoxification for the oral cavity. All toxins and microorganisms are removed.
Moisturizing Effect On Dry Mouth:Many experience dry mouth, primarily upon waking up or after meals. Oil pulling keeps the mouth hydrated and fresh; reduced bacteria means less dryness.
Strengthen Oral Muscles: Swishing automatically leads to jaw, tongue, and gums activity. Regular oil pulling strengthens the oral muscles and can give you a great jawline and smile naturally!

Conclusion

Ayurvedic practices are time-tested and use readily available natural resources. Oil pulling has some surprising benefits that go beyond oral hygiene. It is known to improve digestion and immunity. It can definitely be given a shot to improve dental hygiene. Try it out with different oils and use one that is most comfortable and beneficial to you. Remember, consistency is the key.

Anu Isaac

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Reference:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5654187/

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What is biofilm?

Rachel Stroble — Tue, 12 Dec 2023 06:59:30 +0000

Biofilm is a sticky substance that grows in moist environments like the human mouth, where it’s known as dental biofilm or plaque. It contains bacteria, viruses, and fungi. It forms quickly, contributes to bad breath, damages teeth by causing cavities, and harms gums and bone. Find out from a dental hygienist how to stop it.

We all encounter biofilm in daily life. If you have been wondering what biofilm is, or what dental plaque is made of, this article will provide clarification.

Biofilm contains bacteria and other microbes

Biofilm is a sticky substance that forms in moist environments, such as ponds, pet water bowls, and the human mouth. Dental biofilm, commonly known as plaque, adheres to the teeth and other oral tissues such as the tongue. Plaque is sticky and contains food particles. Dental biofilm also contains bacteria and other germs, such as viruses and fungi ^[2]^[4]. In fact, the COVID-19 virus is present in the biofilm of people with active, symptomatic cases of COVID ^[2]. Both good bacteria and bad bacteria comprise the oral environment. Bad bacteria in the oral microbiome are usually anaerobic (meaning they do not need air to survive) ^[1]^[5]. Good bacteria have a protective role in your oral health.

It forms quickly

Dental biofilm begins to form within minutes of brushing and flossing your teeth. Most people develop biofilm above the gumline at about the same rate ^[7]. However, people who have gum disease develop bad bacteria below the gum line at a faster rate than those with healthy gums ^[7].

It causes bad breath

Bacteria produce acid and other byproducts as it digests the foods and beverages you eat and drink. The bacteria and its waste products emit an unpleasant odor, which is a key factor in bad breath. Your oral pH can contribute to the formation of biofilm (bad bacteria love acidic environments), so your diet and other oral factors influencing pH may be making your bad breath worse ^[6].

It damages your teeth

Acid is a key factor in cavity formation, and the production of acid in the mouth is a vicious cycle. The more bad bacteria you have in your mouth, the more acidic your oral pH. The more acidic your oral pH, the more the bad bacteria grow and reproduce ^[6]. Teeth are made of minerals, and all this acid eats away at the calcium and phosphate in your enamel and tooth root surfaces ^[6]. With weakened tooth structure, cavities form.

It damages your gums and bone

The bad bacteria in your oral microbiome also damages your gums and the bone underneath. It hides underneath the gums in areas that your toothbrush may not be able to reach and actually makes its way through the gum tissue. The bacteria can even end up on the bone that surrounds the teeth. All of this bacterial invasion causes the immune system to respond, which ultimately causes permanent damage to the bone. The bone slowly begins to recede, leaving less and less supporting structure for the teeth ^[3].

It needs to be removed

As you now know, dental biofilm needs to be removed to prevent dental disease like cavities and gum disease. Twice daily removal of dental biofilm is recommended with brushing and flossing along with plaque disclosing tablets or other techniques your dental care professional recommends for you. Look for our other articles on how to protect your teeth and gums with effective oral home care!

Rachel Stroble

Rachel Stroble is a researcher, professor of dental hygiene at Rose State College in Oklahoma, and registered dental hygienist with 10 years of experience in dentistry. She supports education in the classroom with her own students, in the professional community through the development and presentation of continuing education courses, and you may have seen her articles in RDH Magazine, Today’s RDH, and the Oklahoma Dental Association Journal.

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References

AGGREGATIBACTER ACTINOMYCETEMCOMITANS – AAP Connect. (n.d.). Higher Logic, LLC. Retrieved September 17, 2022, from https://members.perio.org/libraries/glossary/entry?GlossaryKey=7601a9b2-e9ce-42dc-b36d-83059e33ac32&ssopc=1
Gomes, S. C., Fachin, S., Fonseca, J. G., Angst, P. D. M., Lamers, M. L., Silva, I. S. B., & Nunes, L. N. (2021). Dental biofilm of symptomatic COVID‐19 patients harbours SARS‐CoV‐2. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 48(7), https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpe.13471
Lasserre, J. F., Brecx, M. C., & Toma, S. (2018). Oral Microbes, Biofilms and Their Role in Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases. Materials, 11(10), https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11101802
Matsumoto-Nakano, M., (2018). Role of Streptococcus mutans surface proteins for biofilm formation. Japanese Dental Science Review 54(1), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdsr.2017.08.002
PORPHYROMONAS GINGIVALIS – AAP Connect. (n.d.). Higher Logic, LLC. Retrieved September 17, 2022, from https://members.perio.org/libraries/glossary/entry?GlossaryKey=965ec455-2938-4d54-9947-196ea454164b&tab=groupdetails&ssopc=1
Tarcísio Jorge Leitão, Jaime, A. C., & Livia Maria Andaló Tenuta. (2018). Kinetics of calcium binding to dental biofilm bacteria. PLoS One, 13(1) https://doi-org.argo.library.okstate.edu/10.1371/journal.pone.0191284
Uzel, N. G., Teles, F. R., Teles, R. P., Song, X. Q., Torresyap, G., Socransky, S. S., & Haffajee, A. D. (2011). Microbial shifts during dental biofilm re-development in the absence of oral hygiene in periodontal health and disease. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 38(7), https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.2011.01730.x

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Cold & Flu Season: How we get sick and how to prevent it

Esmy Ornelas — Wed, 29 Nov 2023 10:45:49 +0000

Germs spread easily when we’re indoors for the winter & gathering for the holidays. This dental hygienist tells us how we can minimize our exposure and fortify our health with the use of things like oral probiotics.

It’s the most wonderful time of the year… flu season! Let’s talk about some ways to stay healthy this holiday season so you can spread love and not germs.

How do colds, flus & other illnesses spread?

The truth is germs are everywhere and spread very easily. With the common cold, many catch it by not washing their hands after touching doorknobs in public places. The fecal-oral route is one of the easiest ways to get sick. If you’re in a public place, always wash your hands or use sanitizer after touching the doorknobs in the bathrooms. Some people do not wash their hands after using the lavatory and transfer bacteria to the doorknob. If someone comes along and touches it after they do and then proceeds to rub their eyes or eat, they are encountering the bacteria.

The flu spreads a little differently. Experts say flu viruses spread mainly by droplets created when people with the flu cough, sneeze, or talk ^[1]. When in proximity with someone who sneezes or coughs, these droplets can land in the noses or mouths of people who are nearby or potentially be inhaled into the lungs ^[1]. While the flu virus can still be spread by contact with contaminated surfaces or people who are sick, it is less likely than the spread through droplets.

How can we help kids (and ourselves) stay healthy this winter?

One of the easiest ways to stay healthy this winter is also one of the simplest, wash your hands! When? All the time. Especially when out in public during the holiday season as crowds are significantly bigger and more germs are being spread. When you wash your hands, be sure to lather up the soap and scrub in between your fingers as this is one of the most common areas bacteria is missed. If you can’t wash your hands, use hand sanitizer.

In addition, take your vitamins and manage your stress! Shopping, traveling, and family can be major stressors during the holidays. Keep your immune system strong by drinking lots of fluids, getting rest, and eating a few vegetables here and there.

How does cold weather affect the sinuses?

While we tend to think of flus and colds during the holiday season, the sinuses are also affected. This is because the dry winter air dries out the mucus membrane which is one of our body’s natural defenses (mucus traps bacteria). Along with your vitamins, consider taking an oral probiotic. Oral probiotics have been shown to decrease the bacteria in the nose and upper respiratory tract ^[2], which will decrease sinus infections.

The holiday season is upon us and while it’s filled with holiday treats and time with loved ones, it can also be a time of germ spreading, decreased immunity, and getting sick. Stay healthy this winter by washing your hands, taking an oral probiotic with your Christmas cookies, and finding some time to rest among the hustle and bustle of the holidays.

Esmy Ornelas

Esmy Ornelas is a registered Dental Hygienist, writer, educator, and consultant with 10 years of experience in dentistry. She is passionate about education, empowering hygienists to advance their careers in and out of the operatory, and about community. She has written for RDH Magazine, the RDH Graduate, and is a full-time professor of Dental Hygiene and Assisting at Rose State College in Oklahoma.

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References

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022, September 20). How flu spreads. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/disease/spread.htm
Ulrich Glück, Jan-Olaf Gebbers, Ingested probiotics reduce nasal colonization with pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and β-hemolytic streptococci), The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 77, Issue 2, Pages 517–520, https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/77.2.517

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Why does sugar cause cavities? The science of sugar, acidity, and decay

Rachel Stroble — Tue, 07 Nov 2023 07:07:11 +0000

Find out from a dental hygienist how sugar actually affects the teeth and why it leads to cavities as well as how you can protect your teeth without cutting sugar out completely.

The effect of sugar on your mouth

Sugary foods and drinks can wreak havoc on your oral health. The bad bacteria that live in your mouth love sugar! They metabolize it and create acid as a by-product^[4]. Even among sugary foods, not all are created equal. Sticky foods such as gummy candies stay in the mouth longer because they adhere to your teeth. Also, many sugary foods and beverages are also acidic. For instance, sodas and energy drinks are very acidic. This is the perfect storm—the bad bacteria that love sugar also love acid! In this environment, these bacteria grow and multiply quickly. Acid leaches minerals out of your teeth and encourages cavity formation as sugar promotes bacterial growth.^[3]. Furthermore, even though diet drinks may be sugar-free, they are often still quite acidic. It’s a good idea to treat them as if they contain sugar, in terms of how you consume them, to reduce your risk of cavities.

How acid damages your teeth

Acid is the enemy of teeth. Our teeth are made of minerals, primarily calcium and phosphate, and acid actually dissolves these minerals out of the tooth enamel, leaving the teeth weak and demineralized ^[5]. After an area of your enamel is demineralized, the bacteria are able to move deeper into the tooth, where they secrete more acid. This is how cavities form. The bacteria are basically burrowing into the teeth, destroying tooth structure as they go. To make matters worse, the more acidic your mouth is, the more bad bacteria you probably have. The more bad bacteria you have, the more acidic your mouth becomes!

Frequency and duration of consumption matter

Yes, what you eat and drink does matter! However, did you know how you consume it makes a difference too? If you are sipping on a sugary drink over a long period of time, you are essentially bathing your teeth in acid. Even if you aren’t drinking a large amount of the beverage, frequent exposure means that your teeth suffer a more prolonged acid attack ^[2]. Let’s all be honest. Most people are not going to be swearing off candy and soda altogether. Enjoy your snacks, but enjoy them in moderation, and in one sitting (20 minutes or less). It’s also a good idea to drink water when you are finished to help rinse away residual food debris and sugar.

Good oral hygiene helps

One of the best things you can do to prevent dental disease, including cavities, is to keep your mouth clean! Brushing and cleaning in between your teeth by using floss, a water flosser, or interdental brush, dramatically decreases how much bacteria is in your mouth because you are removing biofilm (plaque). Ideally, everyone should brush twice per day and clean between their teeth once per day. The lower the level of bad bacteria you have, the lower your risk of cavities and gum disease ^[4]. Additionally, chewing sugar-free gum after consuming sugary foods or drinks helps to stimulate saliva flow. Saliva helps to neutralize the pH of the mouth and rinse away some of the residual sugars and food particles ^[1]. You don’t have to give up sugar for the sake of your teeth, but you can be smarter about how you consume it!

Rachel Stroble

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Dodds, M., Roland, S., Edgar, M. et al. Saliva A review of its role in maintaining oral health and preventing dental disease. BDJ Team 2, 15123 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/bdjteam.2015.123
Ireland, R., & Yeung, C. A., (2020) Stephan’s curve. In A Dictionary of Dentistry (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
Kulshrestha, S., Khan, S., Hasan, S., Khan, M. E., Misba, L., & Khan, A. U. (2015). Calcium fluoride nanoparticles induced suppression of Streptococcus mutans biofilm: An in vitro and in vivo approach. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 100(4), 1901–1914. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-015-7154-4
Scannapieco, F. A., & Dongari‐Bagtzoglou, A. (2021). Dysbiosis revisited: Understanding the role of the oral microbiome in the pathogenesis of gingivitis and periodontitis: A critical assessment. Journal of Periodontology (1970), 92(8), 1071–1078. https://doi.org/10.1002/JPER.21-0120
Tarcísio Jorge Leitão, Jaime, A. C., & Livia Maria Andaló Tenuta. (2018). Kinetics of calcium binding to dental biofilm bacteria. PLoS One, 13(1)
https://doi-org.argo.library.okstate.edu/10.1371/journal.pone.0191284

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Can mouthwash actually cause bad breath?

Esmy Ornelas — Tue, 22 Aug 2023 07:06:48 +0000

Mouthwash: freshens breath, but what else? It’s no substitute for brushing & flossing and which one you choose can actually affect your oral health – causing excessive dryness and even bad breath.

Brush, floss, rinse… right? Many of us think of mouthwash as a part of our normal oral care routine that freshens your breath, but is it doing the opposite? Let’s investigate.

Why do we use mouthwash in the first place?

People use mouthwash for a few different reasons. One is very simple, to freshen their breath in between teeth brushing. Another is to reach areas underneath their gums that their toothbrush cannot reach. People with xerostomia (dry mouth) may use mouth rinses to soothe their dry tissues. Finally, sometimes people will use mouthwash to reduce how often they need to brush and floss.

Are all these claims validated?

Mouth rinses can freshen breath, but they don’t clean teeth. So, while it’s convenient to use mouthwash after a meal or coffee to freshen breath, it is not a substitute for brushing and flossing. However, be sure to avoid mouthwashes with alcohol. While many may enjoy the icy cool feeling of mouthwashes with mint and alcohol, it can dry out the mouth and this can lead to bad breath which is the opposite of what we’re going for here! Mouthwashes can reach areas underneath the gums toothbrushes cannot so they can help remove any plaque or food lodged underneath tissues or teeth. This can help prevent any gum irritation, especially if one has crowns or bridges which tend to be major food/ plaque traps. This is also a great option for someone with limited dexterity. As far as xerostomia (dry mouth) goes, mouthwashes can be soothing to dry tissues, but they must be alcohol free. If not, the alcohol in the mouthwash will exacerbate xerostomia, and this can be both uncomfortable for the patient as well as dangerous. Xerostomia significantly increases a patient’s risk for cavities as they have no salivary flow to cleanse the teeth throughout the day ^[1]

Does mouthwash actually “clean” your teeth?

This is the big question, and the answer is… no. While mouthwashes can freshen breath, refresh dry tissues, and help sweep away plaque or food debris, it does not actually clean the teeth ^[2]. Plaque is sticky, harbors plaque and bacteria, and when left undisturbed, can result in the formation of calculus or cavities. Swishing, no matter how vigorous, is not enough to disrupt this bacterium. The only way to accomplish this is brushing and using floss or another interdental aid. While mouthwashes are a great way to refresh the breath throughout the day, they do not clean the teeth. Also, if bad breath is due to an underlying issue like periodontal disease or a tooth infection, the mouthwash is a temporary solution and will only freshen breath momentarily. Avoid mouthwashes with alcohol as they can be drying to the gums and remember mouthwash is an addition to brushing and flossing, not a substitute!

Esmy Ornelas

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Easy tips to care for teeth even if you’re struggling

Esmy Ornelas — Fri, 18 Aug 2023 09:01:45 +0000

Amidst mental health struggles, oral care can feel overwhelming. Here are some simple alternatives to maintain health from a dental hygienist that understands.

“Brush your teeth twice a day and floss”, this is the advice given to every patient to keep their teeth clean and healthy. Sounds simple right? On a good day it is, but on other days, days that are filled with anxiety, depression, and other mental health struggles, the idea of brushing and flossing can seem impossible. During these times, there are other, more gentle ways to keep your teeth clean. The most important thing to remember? You’re not alone.

How common is anxiety and depression?

Anxiety and depression affect about 40 million Americans a year ^[1]. Even though it’s treatable, only about 36% receive treatment^[1], meaning many are battling it alone. These rates significantly spiked during COVID ^[2]and have had a lasting impact on the mental health of a large portion of the population. Clinical depression has effects other than feeling sad or a loss of energy. It directly impacts one’s decision-making skills and their executive functioning (the ability to take all the steps to get something done) ^[3]. This can make a seemingly simple task like brushing teeth or flossing seem like too much work. “What kind of toothpaste? Electric or manual toothbrush? Floss or floss pik… never mind. I don’t care anymore.” Many can feel terrible or lazy about not having the motivation to brush their teeth but it is not laziness, it’s the chemical imbalance in their brain^[1] working against them, depleting everything they have.

What can I do to keep my teeth clean when I’m struggling?

If you’re someone who struggles with depression or anxiety (the hygienist writing this article does), there are other simple ways to stay on top of your oral care that don’t require too much effort. These things may seem small, but they go a long way in keeping you healthy. Don’t underestimate the power of small efforts! The first is to drink lots of water. This cleanses the teeth and flushes out any bacteria that may be trapped between the teeth. It also helps increase salivary flow which will keep the pH of the oral cavity balanced, preventing cavities. Another is to eat crunchy foods like apples or carrots. The mechanical action of crunching on these foods cleans the chewing surfaces of the teeth (areas especially susceptible to decay) and removes plaque. Lastly, take a multivitamin and an oral probiotic . If you’re only craving sugar, or salty comfort foods when you’re experiencing a bout of depression, taking a multivitamin will ensure your body is still nourished with the vitamins and minerals it needs. An oral probiotic will keep your oral microbiome balanced, which in turn will strengthen your immune system and lessen your susceptibility to cavities and inflammation. Depression and anxiety can make everything seem exhausting, even brushing your teeth. When experiencing a low period, drink some water, take some vitamins, be extra gentle with yourself, and know that you’re doing more than enough. You got this!

Esmy Ornelas

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Why you’re getting cavities even with excellent oral hygiene

Kari Carter-Cherelus — Thu, 10 Aug 2023 08:01:04 +0000

Beyond brushing, a healthy oral microbiome matters. Refined carbs, bad bacteria, dry mouth lead to cavities. Combat with diet and oral probiotics.

Although brushing and flossing is important to preserving good dental health, there are other risk factors that we battle in trying to stay cavity free.

Why a healthy microbiome Is important

A healthy oral microbiome is important for our overall health and wellness. We all know that sugary foods are a key contributor to tooth decay, however many don’t know the reason why they contribute to chat cavities. It can feel frustrating to feel as though we are doing our best to keep our mouths healthy only to still receive bad news at our dental visits.

It’s your diet

Even if you are brushing and flossing correctly a diet that is rich in refined carbohydrates could be a potential culprit. Refined carbohydrates such as white bread, pasta, pizza dough, pastries, and sugary beverages such as juices or energy drinks, break down into simple sugars. That sugar turns to harmful acids that decrease the oral pH in your mouth.^[3]

Good bacteria versus bad bacteria

Our mouths are full of different types of bacteria that live on all of the surfaces within our mouths. Some bacteria are considered good bacteria that are helpful and some are considered to be bad bacteria that can destroy our teeth. When the ph in our mouth lowers it makes the mouth more susceptible to cavities because the bad bacteria grows quickly in this environment. When the sugar we consume is exposed to the bad bacteria, it gives the bad bacteria the energy it needs to grow to form a sticky substance called plaque. The bad bacteria overload will cause the enamel of your teeth to break down. This constant battle between good and bad bacteria contributes to the process which creates those pesky cavities! ^[1] ^[4]

Your mouth is dry

Dry mouth is the condition when your mouth lacks adequate saliva to keep the teeth, tongue, and oral environment moist. Saliva helps to naturally rinse foods and plaque from sticking to your teeth. When one has chronic dry mouth they have a higher risk of developing decay. If you are taking certain medications, for example and are undergoing cancer treatment and taking chemotherapy drugs and/or radiation treatment. Certain medical conditions such as Sjogen’s syndrome causes your mouth to become unusually dry. You should contact your doctor to determine the root cause of your dry mouth. To help alleviate dry mouth you should drink water frequently, use alcohol free mouthwashes, and use sugar free lozenges that help keep the mouth moist.^[2]

We can combat these risk factors by introducing good bacteria into our mouth to fight against that bad bacteria that contributes to cavities. Introducing substances into our saliva such as using dental oral probiotics can help prevent cavities by fighting against plaque buildup. Oral probiotics counteract the harmful acids that the bacteria produces by introducing specific strains of good bacteria that are known to support a healthy oral biome, and improve oral health. Oral probiotics encourage the growth of good bacteria and help to suppress the bad bacteria that contributes to decay and other issues. They can help improve bad breath caused by harmful bacteria and help buildup the body’s immune defense. Changing out dietary habits as well as incorporating oral probiotics could hopefully set us up for better dental visits in the future.^[5]

Kari Carter-Cherelus

Kari Carter-Cherelus RDH, DA is a registered Dental Hygienist, writer, consultant, coach, international keynote speaker, with 23 years of experience in dentistry. She is passionate about helping others recover from burnout, improving organization’s work culture, and helping her clients to improve their mindset. She authored the book The Ultimate Guide For Dental Hygienist Burnout, and has written for RDH Graduate, RDH Magazine, and Inside Dental Hygiene.

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Gingivitis: causes, symptoms & treatments

Lacy Walker — Wed, 21 Jun 2023 06:46:35 +0000

Gingivitis, or gum inflammation, is caused by a variety of factors which, if allowed to progress, can actually lead to tooth loss and other oral & physical health consequences. Look for signs like redness, soreness, or bleeding.

What is gingivitis?

Gingivitis is inflammation of the gums that can be caused by several factors, including poor dental hygiene, diet, hormones, and certain medications. If gingivitis is untreated, it can progress to more severe gum disease, periodontal disease, and bone loss. The condition is isolated to the soft-tissue area of the gingival epithelium and connective tissue. ^[1]

Gingivitis is a less serious form of periodontal disease and is a common condition affecting the gums. Gingivitis can be caused by a build-up of plaque leading to inflammation, redness, and bleeding gums, which is the most typical cause of gingivitis. Plaque is a biofilm that accumulates on the tooth surface and contains many bacteria. Leaving gingivitis untreated can progress to periodontitis, a more serious form of gum disease.

Periodontitis is when the periodontal condition has progressed beyond gingivitis into a chronic, destructive, and irreversible inflammatory disease state. If left untreated, bone loss and further destruction of the supporting tissue surrounding the tooth can become damaged, resulting in tooth loss and bad breath, and may complicate other systemic conditions.

Genetics, environmental, and behavioral factors are involved in the development of the disease, the exposure of susceptible individuals to its initiation, and the speed of progression. ^[2] Strong contributing factors to periodontal disease include smoking, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, and obesity.^[2]

The oral microbiome

The oral microbiome is defined as a collection of microorganisms that reside in the oral cavity. Oral bacteria can populate the human mouth as early as the day you are born. If these bacteria are imbalanced, the harmful bacteria can grow and cause destruction to your teeth and gums, leading to cavities and gum disease.

Common causes typically associated with gingivitis

Diet

An individual’s diet plays a significant role in their oral health, and what you eat directly impacts your oral health. Gingivitis may occur due to a vitamin C deficiency.^[1] A balanced diet rich in nutrients helps to keep teeth and gums healthy. On the other hand, sugary and acidic foods can influence a person’s oral environment making it more susceptible to tooth decay and gum disease. Be mindful of your dietary habits to maintain good oral and systemic health.

Hormones

Hormones play an essential role in oral health. Fluctuations in hormone levels can cause changes in the mouth, such as increased sensitivity or dryness. During adolescence, gingivitis appears earlier in girls (eleven to thirteen years) than in boys (thirteen to fourteen years).^[1]

During pregnancy, it has been suggested that estrogen levels determine the severity of gingival inflammation created against the biofilm at the gingival margin.^[1] Maintaining good oral health will reduce the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Oral pH

Saliva plays an essential role in oral health by washing away food particles and bacteria, influencing tartar formation and gum disease, and keeping the mouth hydrated. Saliva has a normal pH range of 6.2-7.6, with 6.7 being the average pH.^[3]. Healthy saliva contains basic compounds that neutralize acids produced by plaque bacteria.

Pathogens

Salivary diagnostics are a non-invasive way to determine if harmful pathogens are present. Many studies have observed that periodontal pathogens grow at particular pH environments.^[4]

Medications

Certain medications can also affect oral health. Several drugs prescribed for systemic conditions can cause drug-induced gingivitis as a side effect, such as phenytoin (used for epileptic seizures), calcium channel blockers (used for angina and high blood pressure), anticoagulants, and fibrinolytic agents, oral contraceptive agents, protease inhibitors, vitamin A and analogs.^[1]

Gingival Hyperplasia (Enlargement)

Drug-induced gingival overgrowth (DIGO), also referred to as drug-induced gingival enlargement, is noted as a side-effect of certain medications given for non-dental uses where the gums are not the intended target.^[1]^[5]

Gingivitis Prevention

The best way to prevent gingival inflammation is to perform beneficial oral hygiene practices including brushing and cleaning in between the teeth, eating a healthy diet, and avoiding tobacco and vaping products. Continuous collaboration and communication with your primary care physician and dental healthcare professionals will help prevent gingivitis.

If you’re concerned about how hormones, your daily oral hygiene practices, pathogens, diet, or medications may be impacting your oral health, speak to your dentist and healthcare provider for a more holistic approach to your oral-systemic health.

Lacy Walker

LACY WALKER, RDH, BS, CDA, FAAOSH - dental hygienist, speaker, owner of Shared Hygiene, LLC, & writer w/ 25 years of experience in the dental field working in a psychiatric hospital, cosmetic, restorative, DSO, and periodontal practices. Lacy is the CE Director for A Tale of Two Hygienists podcast & Public Relations Chair for the AADH. She has a passion for the oral-systemic connection & is published in DACE, RDH Magazine, & DrBicuspid. Lacy is an approved provider of CE credits through AADH.

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Rathee M, Jain P. Gingivitis. [Updated 2022 Jun 16]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557422/
Könönen, Eija, Mervi Gursoy, and Ulvi Kahraman Gursoy. 2019. “Periodontitis: A Multifaceted Disease of Tooth-Supporting Tissues” Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 8: 1135. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8081135
Baliga, S., Muglikar, S., & Kale, R. (2013). Salivary pH: A diagnostic biomarker. Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology, 17(4), 461–465. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-124X.118317
Koppolu P, Sirisha S, Penala S, et al. Correlation of Blood and Salivary pH Levels in Healthy, Gingivitis, and Periodontitis Patients before and after Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy. Diagnostics (Basel). 2022;12(1):97. Published 2022 Jan 3. doi:10.3390/diagnostics12010097
Tungare S, Paranjpe AG. Drug Induced Gingival Overgrowth. [Updated 2022 Sep 19]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538518/

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Harmful effects of high fever on teeth

Rachel Stroble — Mon, 05 Jun 2023 08:03:34 +0000

Find out how high fever can affect tooth formation & lifelong oral health as well as what to do about it.

Did you know that prolonged high fever damages teeth? This is particularly true for children. Read on to learn more about the link between childhood illness and lifelong dental issues.

How does fever affect the body overall?

The human body generally maintains a stable temperature of 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit. A high fever is generally considered to be 102 degrees Fahrenheit or greater for children, or 103 degrees Fahrenheit or higher for adults ^[2]. When someone gets sick, their body works to fight illness by increasing their internal temperature. Fever often causes aching muscles and joints, and chills. During a febrile state (fever), the body’s metabolism speeds up and uses its own proteins as an energy source ^[6]. This is a shift from the body’s typical use of glucose, the sugar normally found in the blood. There is also an increased need for oxygen and a higher heart rate ^[6]. Prolonged fever can damage critical organs including the brain, heart, and kidneys ^[6]. What’s more, fever can damage teeth!

Who is most at risk for dental problems due to fever?

Children are at the highest risk of damage to teeth due to fever. Before teeth erupt, they slowly form inside the jaw bone in specialized capsules of tissue also known as tooth buds. Children under 12 have teeth that have not come in yet, so they have tooth buds inside the jaw bone where there is a possibility that the formation of the teeth can be disrupted.

How does fever damage teeth?

Teeth are formed through an amazing process that happens inside the bone. There are various different types of special cells that build the teeth layer by layer before they erupt. When the intricate tooth development process is disturbed, the enamel may suffer. When this happens, teeth erupt as rough, pitted, and discolored ^[1].

How does childhood fever cause dental problems in adulthood?

Even though fever damages teeth before they erupt, weak enamel comes with lifelong consequences. These teeth are at a higher risk of dental disease. Poorly formed enamel is not as strong as healthy enamel. Roughness and pitting in teeth cause them to retain more plaque because bacteria have more places to hide and attach. This makes it more difficult to effectively keep the oral cavity clean. Increased plaque retention results in more acid attack on the enamel, which causes an increased risk of dental decay ^[5]. Plaque also contains bacteria that are responsible for gum disease ^[5].

How can I protect my child’s teeth?

If your child has a fever, call a physician to see if a visit to the doctor’s office is needed, or if over the counter fever-reducing medications should be administered. Common fever-reducing medications are acetaminophen and ibuprofen. It is critical that you follow correct dosing instructions since children do not need adult-sized dosages. Too much of certain medications can cause serious damage to the liver ^[3]. Some children may not be able to take these medications, so be sure to follow your doctor’s guidance. Never give aspirin to a child or adolescent, as it increases the risk of Reye syndrome, a serious condition that can cause brain damage or even death ^[4]

Rachel Stroble

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Fatturi, A. L., Wambier, L. M., Chibinski, A. C., Assunção, L. R. da S., Brancher, J. A., Reis, A., & Souza, J. F. (2019). A systematic review and meta‐analysis of systemic exposure associated with molar incisor hypomineralization. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 47(5), 407–415. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdoe.12467
Mayo Clinic. (n.d.) Fever. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fever/symptoms-causes/syc-20352759#:~:text=a%20preexisting%20illness.-,Adults,Severe%20headache
Normandin, P. A., Benotti, S. A., & Mullins, M. A. (2020). Hidden Danger: Pediatric Acetaminophen Overdose Unintentional and Intentional Emergencies. Journal of Emergency Nursing, 46(6), 914–922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jen.2020.06.015
Schror, K. (2007). Aspirin and Reye Syndrome: A Review of the Evidence. Paediatric Drugs, 9(3), 195–204. https://doi.org/10.2165/00148581-200709030-00008
Scharnow, A. M., Solinski, A. E., & Wuest, W. M. (2019). Targeting S. mutans biofilms: A perspective on preventing dental caries. MedChemComm, 10(7), 1057–1067. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9md00015a
Swetha Balli; K. R. Shumway; S. S. (2022). Physiology, Fever. StatPearls. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562334/

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About tooth remineralization: can tooth enamel grow back?

Esmy Ornelas — Mon, 29 May 2023 08:20:45 +0000

Enamel is the hardest material in the body but it is susceptible to erosion with repeated exposure to acid and other damage. Find out what you can do to strengthen your enamel now!

Tooth enamel, the outside layer of your tooth, is the hardest, most mineralized substance in your body ^[1]. It’s even harder than bone! However, it is still susceptible to wear as the teeth take an incredible amount of force each day with chewing, clenching, and for many patients, grinding. Enamel is constantly undergoing a process of remineralization and demineralization. Let’s discuss what this means for oral health.

What is enamel and what is it made of?

Enamel is comprised of 95% minerals, 4% water, and 1% proteins ^[1]. It makes up the top layer of the teeth and functions to protect the underlying dentin and pulp (nerve) of the tooth. While enamel is incredibly durable, it still needs to be replenished with minerals like calcium and phosphate to keep it strong ^[2]. It can also break down through the process of erosion in which one eats acidic foods, drinks acidic drinks, or has GI issues that cause acid reflux. These acids eat away at the enamel, breaking it down and exposing underlying tooth structures. While not visible, the enamel is constantly undergoing a process of remineralization and demineralization.

What is enamel remineralization?

Enamel needs its minerals replenished as they are constantly depleted through eating and drinking (especially acidic foods). This process of mineral depletion is known as enamel demineralization ^[2], and when this happens, the enamel is weakened and susceptible to decay. The oral cavity’s defense mechanism is enamel remineralization, in which the body takes calcium and phosphate from the saliva and puts these minerals back into the enamel ^[3]. This is an ongoing process as the enamel loses and replenishes minerals throughout the day with eating and drinking.

What products are good for enamel remineralization?

For the saliva to be able to put calcium and phosphate back into the enamel, it’s going to need somewhere to get it! The first source is saliva, which is why it’s important to eat a diet rich in vitamins and minerals. However, if someone has xerostomia (dry mouth) or is especially susceptible to tooth decay, there are some other ways to remineralize enamel. The first is a fluoride varnish treatment which is done in the dental office and promotes enamel remineralization as well as protects the tooth against hot and cold sensitivity. An oral probiotic is the second as a balanced oral microbiome will reduce the acidity of the pH, reducing enamel demineralization. Finally, good home care will promote remineralization as decreasing plaque biofilm will reduce places for bacteria to populate. Once enamel starts to demineralize, oral pathogens sweep in to take advantage ^[3]. If there is no plaque biofilm or acids for it to cling onto, there’s less of a chance they will cause decay.

Teeth are incredibly resilient but still need nourishment to fight decay and withstand daily forces. Nutrition, proper home care, and maintaining a healthy oral microbiome go a long way in maintaining strong enamel.

Esmy Ornelas

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Abou Neel, E. A., Aljabo, A., Strange, A., Ibrahim, S., Coathup, M., Young, A. M., Bozec, L., & Mudera, V. (2016). Demineralization-remineralization dynamics in teeth and bone. International journal of nanomedicine, 11, 4743–4763. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S107624
Arifa, M. K., Ephraim, R., & Rajamani, T. (2019). Recent Advances in Dental Hard Tissue Remineralization: A Review of Literature. International journal of clinical pediatric dentistry, 12(2), 139–144. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1603
Lacruz, R. S., Habelitz, S., Wright, J. T., & Paine, M. L. (2017). Dental Enamel Formation and Implications for Oral Health and Disease. Physiological reviews, 97(3), 939–993. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00030.2016

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