BAD BREATH Archives - Smile Brilliant

Oil pulling for improved oral health

Anu Isaac — Fri, 09 Aug 2024 07:31:33 +0000

Learn from a dentist how the ancient Ayurvedic practice of oil pulling, or swishing high-quality edible oils in the mouth each day, contributes to oral health in surprising ways.

One of the most important aspects of personal hygiene is oral hygiene, which ensures good oral health. We all know the necessity of brushing our teeth twice daily, rinsing our mouths after every meal, and keeping our tongues clean. A few steps taken beyond these necessary actions go a long way in enhancing our oral health. One of the things that can help is oil Pulling. Oil pulling is an ancient Ayurvedic practice of swishing oil in the mouth for a set time every day. The effect of oil pulling on our teeth is quite good; it kills the microorganisms in our mouth.

Oil pulling is relatively easy, but it does require a certain level of technique and consistency to reap its full benefits. It’s best done on an empty stomach in the morning to flush out the plaque and microorganisms that accumulate overnight. You can use any edible oil, such as olive, coconut, or sunflower, but it’s recommended to use high-quality and cold-pressed oils for maximum benefit of oil pulling on oral health. Many prefer coconut oil for its additional antimicrobial properties and
better taste.

How to do oil pulling?

Measure the oil. Around 5ml or one teaspoon is enough.
Start swishing the oil around your mouth. Initially, do it for around 5 minutes, and increase the time once you get comfortable with the practice. Anywhere between 15 and 20 minutes is ideal.
While oil pulling for good oral health, swishing the oil thoroughly around the mouth and teeth is important. Allow the oil to pass between your teeth, ensuring it reaches all areas in the mouth, both front and back.
Avoid swallowing the oil since it contains all the bacteria and toxins we want to eliminate. The oil might get thinner on swishing when it mixes with saliva, so spit it out.
Brush and rinse post oil pulling.
Do it regularly and consistently for maximum benefits.
Also, remember that it is not a replacement for your regular oral care. Do not stop your routine practices for this. It’s an add-on!

Benefits of oil pulling on oral health

The effect of oil pulling on oral health is quite positive and productive. Regularly practicing oil pulling results in improved oral health and hygiene. Some of the benefits are:

Kills Harmful Bacteria: Tiny food deposits, plaque, and saliva contain hundreds of bacteria that can cause tooth decay, bad breath, cavities, etc. Oil pulling reduces the bacteria in the mouth and saliva. Many dentists say oil pulling is a safer alternative to commercial mouthwashes. However, it must be noted that oil pulling is not selective and can remove both good and bad bacteria. The mouth hosts a diverse microbiome with beneficial bacteria that help maintain oral health by preventing the overgrowth of harmful bacteria. Therefore, while oil pulling can reduce harmful bacteria associated with plaque and bad breath, it may also reduce the number of beneficial bacteria.
Reduces Foul Smell: Bacteria and germs accumulate on the tongue and between teeth gaps, leading to bad breath (called Halitosis). One of the effects of oil pulling on oral health is reducing foul smells and improving the quality of breath.
Prevents Cavities: Whenever there is a layer of bacteria or food particles on our teeth, it leads to decay. The bacteria break the food particles and produce an acid that damages the tooth enamel. Oil pulling reduces bacteria and prevents cavities from forming.
Prevent Gum Pockets:Gum pockets lead to inflammation or bleeding in the gums or, at times, loss of teeth. Natural gum pockets treatment such as oil pulling dilutes the bacteria and has healing properties to reduce inflammation. Additionally, regularly rinsing with saltwater can help to disinfect the mouth and reduce swelling. Consuming a balanced diet rich in vitamins and minerals supports gum health and can aid in healing gum pockets. Gum pockets should not be taken lightly, as they are a sign of poor oral health.
Lower Inflammation: Another problem caused by bacteria in the mouth is Gingivitis, a condition causing redness, inflammation, and bleeding. Since coconut oil has anti-inflammatory properties, oil pulling with coconut oil helps lower inflammation.
Reduce Plaque And Gingivitis: Using sunflower oil for oil pulling reduces plaque and plaque-induced Gingivitis.
Detoxification: Oil works like a magnet for impurities and bacteria in the mouth, preventing them from multiplying or causing further damage. Thus, oil pulling for good oral health includes natural detoxification for the oral cavity. All toxins and microorganisms are removed.
Moisturizing Effect On Dry Mouth:Many experience dry mouth, primarily upon waking up or after meals. Oil pulling keeps the mouth hydrated and fresh; reduced bacteria means less dryness.
Strengthen Oral Muscles: Swishing automatically leads to jaw, tongue, and gums activity. Regular oil pulling strengthens the oral muscles and can give you a great jawline and smile naturally!

Conclusion

Ayurvedic practices are time-tested and use readily available natural resources. Oil pulling has some surprising benefits that go beyond oral hygiene. It is known to improve digestion and immunity. It can definitely be given a shot to improve dental hygiene. Try it out with different oils and use one that is most comfortable and beneficial to you. Remember, consistency is the key.

Anu Isaac

View My Profile Contact Anu

Reference:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5654187/

The post Oil pulling for improved oral health appeared first on Smile Brilliant.

What is biofilm?

Rachel Stroble — Tue, 12 Dec 2023 06:59:30 +0000

Biofilm is a sticky substance that grows in moist environments like the human mouth, where it’s known as dental biofilm or plaque. It contains bacteria, viruses, and fungi. It forms quickly, contributes to bad breath, damages teeth by causing cavities, and harms gums and bone. Find out from a dental hygienist how to stop it.

We all encounter biofilm in daily life. If you have been wondering what biofilm is, or what dental plaque is made of, this article will provide clarification.

Biofilm contains bacteria and other microbes

Biofilm is a sticky substance that forms in moist environments, such as ponds, pet water bowls, and the human mouth. Dental biofilm, commonly known as plaque, adheres to the teeth and other oral tissues such as the tongue. Plaque is sticky and contains food particles. Dental biofilm also contains bacteria and other germs, such as viruses and fungi ^[2]^[4]. In fact, the COVID-19 virus is present in the biofilm of people with active, symptomatic cases of COVID ^[2]. Both good bacteria and bad bacteria comprise the oral environment. Bad bacteria in the oral microbiome are usually anaerobic (meaning they do not need air to survive) ^[1]^[5]. Good bacteria have a protective role in your oral health.

It forms quickly

Dental biofilm begins to form within minutes of brushing and flossing your teeth. Most people develop biofilm above the gumline at about the same rate ^[7]. However, people who have gum disease develop bad bacteria below the gum line at a faster rate than those with healthy gums ^[7].

It causes bad breath

Bacteria produce acid and other byproducts as it digests the foods and beverages you eat and drink. The bacteria and its waste products emit an unpleasant odor, which is a key factor in bad breath. Your oral pH can contribute to the formation of biofilm (bad bacteria love acidic environments), so your diet and other oral factors influencing pH may be making your bad breath worse ^[6].

It damages your teeth

Acid is a key factor in cavity formation, and the production of acid in the mouth is a vicious cycle. The more bad bacteria you have in your mouth, the more acidic your oral pH. The more acidic your oral pH, the more the bad bacteria grow and reproduce ^[6]. Teeth are made of minerals, and all this acid eats away at the calcium and phosphate in your enamel and tooth root surfaces ^[6]. With weakened tooth structure, cavities form.

It damages your gums and bone

The bad bacteria in your oral microbiome also damages your gums and the bone underneath. It hides underneath the gums in areas that your toothbrush may not be able to reach and actually makes its way through the gum tissue. The bacteria can even end up on the bone that surrounds the teeth. All of this bacterial invasion causes the immune system to respond, which ultimately causes permanent damage to the bone. The bone slowly begins to recede, leaving less and less supporting structure for the teeth ^[3].

It needs to be removed

As you now know, dental biofilm needs to be removed to prevent dental disease like cavities and gum disease. Twice daily removal of dental biofilm is recommended with brushing and flossing along with plaque disclosing tablets or other techniques your dental care professional recommends for you. Look for our other articles on how to protect your teeth and gums with effective oral home care!

Rachel Stroble

Rachel Stroble is a researcher, professor of dental hygiene at Rose State College in Oklahoma, and registered dental hygienist with 10 years of experience in dentistry. She supports education in the classroom with her own students, in the professional community through the development and presentation of continuing education courses, and you may have seen her articles in RDH Magazine, Today’s RDH, and the Oklahoma Dental Association Journal.

View My Profile Contact Rachel

References

AGGREGATIBACTER ACTINOMYCETEMCOMITANS – AAP Connect. (n.d.). Higher Logic, LLC. Retrieved September 17, 2022, from https://members.perio.org/libraries/glossary/entry?GlossaryKey=7601a9b2-e9ce-42dc-b36d-83059e33ac32&ssopc=1
Gomes, S. C., Fachin, S., Fonseca, J. G., Angst, P. D. M., Lamers, M. L., Silva, I. S. B., & Nunes, L. N. (2021). Dental biofilm of symptomatic COVID‐19 patients harbours SARS‐CoV‐2. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 48(7), https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpe.13471
Lasserre, J. F., Brecx, M. C., & Toma, S. (2018). Oral Microbes, Biofilms and Their Role in Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases. Materials, 11(10), https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11101802
Matsumoto-Nakano, M., (2018). Role of Streptococcus mutans surface proteins for biofilm formation. Japanese Dental Science Review 54(1), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdsr.2017.08.002
PORPHYROMONAS GINGIVALIS – AAP Connect. (n.d.). Higher Logic, LLC. Retrieved September 17, 2022, from https://members.perio.org/libraries/glossary/entry?GlossaryKey=965ec455-2938-4d54-9947-196ea454164b&tab=groupdetails&ssopc=1
Tarcísio Jorge Leitão, Jaime, A. C., & Livia Maria Andaló Tenuta. (2018). Kinetics of calcium binding to dental biofilm bacteria. PLoS One, 13(1) https://doi-org.argo.library.okstate.edu/10.1371/journal.pone.0191284
Uzel, N. G., Teles, F. R., Teles, R. P., Song, X. Q., Torresyap, G., Socransky, S. S., & Haffajee, A. D. (2011). Microbial shifts during dental biofilm re-development in the absence of oral hygiene in periodontal health and disease. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 38(7), https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.2011.01730.x

The post What is biofilm? appeared first on Smile Brilliant.

Can mouthwash actually cause bad breath?

Esmy Ornelas — Tue, 22 Aug 2023 07:06:48 +0000

Mouthwash: freshens breath, but what else? It’s no substitute for brushing & flossing and which one you choose can actually affect your oral health – causing excessive dryness and even bad breath.

Brush, floss, rinse… right? Many of us think of mouthwash as a part of our normal oral care routine that freshens your breath, but is it doing the opposite? Let’s investigate.

Why do we use mouthwash in the first place?

People use mouthwash for a few different reasons. One is very simple, to freshen their breath in between teeth brushing. Another is to reach areas underneath their gums that their toothbrush cannot reach. People with xerostomia (dry mouth) may use mouth rinses to soothe their dry tissues. Finally, sometimes people will use mouthwash to reduce how often they need to brush and floss.

Are all these claims validated?

Mouth rinses can freshen breath, but they don’t clean teeth. So, while it’s convenient to use mouthwash after a meal or coffee to freshen breath, it is not a substitute for brushing and flossing. However, be sure to avoid mouthwashes with alcohol. While many may enjoy the icy cool feeling of mouthwashes with mint and alcohol, it can dry out the mouth and this can lead to bad breath which is the opposite of what we’re going for here! Mouthwashes can reach areas underneath the gums toothbrushes cannot so they can help remove any plaque or food lodged underneath tissues or teeth. This can help prevent any gum irritation, especially if one has crowns or bridges which tend to be major food/ plaque traps. This is also a great option for someone with limited dexterity. As far as xerostomia (dry mouth) goes, mouthwashes can be soothing to dry tissues, but they must be alcohol free. If not, the alcohol in the mouthwash will exacerbate xerostomia, and this can be both uncomfortable for the patient as well as dangerous. Xerostomia significantly increases a patient’s risk for cavities as they have no salivary flow to cleanse the teeth throughout the day ^[1]

Does mouthwash actually “clean” your teeth?

This is the big question, and the answer is… no. While mouthwashes can freshen breath, refresh dry tissues, and help sweep away plaque or food debris, it does not actually clean the teeth ^[2]. Plaque is sticky, harbors plaque and bacteria, and when left undisturbed, can result in the formation of calculus or cavities. Swishing, no matter how vigorous, is not enough to disrupt this bacterium. The only way to accomplish this is brushing and using floss or another interdental aid. While mouthwashes are a great way to refresh the breath throughout the day, they do not clean the teeth. Also, if bad breath is due to an underlying issue like periodontal disease or a tooth infection, the mouthwash is a temporary solution and will only freshen breath momentarily. Avoid mouthwashes with alcohol as they can be drying to the gums and remember mouthwash is an addition to brushing and flossing, not a substitute!

Esmy Ornelas

Esmy Ornelas is a registered Dental Hygienist, writer, educator, and consultant with 10 years of experience in dentistry. She is passionate about education, empowering hygienists to advance their careers in and out of the operatory, and about community. She has written for RDH Magazine, the RDH Graduate, and is a full-time professor of Dental Hygiene and Assisting at Rose State College in Oklahoma.

View My Profile Contact Esmy

The post Can mouthwash actually cause bad breath? appeared first on Smile Brilliant.

How does dry mouth cause bad breath?

Rachel Stroble — Wed, 09 Aug 2023 13:58:55 +0000

Uncover how dry mouth triggers bad breath. Combat it with hydration, avoiding alcohol-based products, and using xylitol lozenges. Get expert guidance for a healthier mouth.

If you have been fighting bad breath, you may have noticed that your mouth often feels dry. This is not a coincidence! Keep reading to find out how dry mouth may be contributing to your oral woes, as well as what you can do about it.

Do you have dry mouth?

Have you ever stopped to consider whether or not you have xerostomia (dry mouth)? While dry mouth is quite uncomfortable for some people, others may not realize they have it. Some common symptoms are feeling like your tongue or cheeks are sticking to your teeth (especially when speaking), a burning sensation, a change in your ability to taste foods, and a bad taste in your mouth. If you are unsure, have a discussion with your dentist or dental hygienist! They can assess your salivary flow and can help you determine if your mouth is unusually dry.

What causes dry mouth?

There are many causes of dry mouth. Do you find yourself breathing through your mouth? Mouth breathing dries out your oral environment. If you breathe through your mouth because your nose is often congested, you may talk with your doctor about treatment options. However, even if it is caused by a different problem, there may be ways your doctor can help. Additionally, consuming alcoholic beverages and using alcohol-containing products such as certain mouth rinses can dry out your mouth, further complicating the issue.
Certain serious health conditions can also cause dry mouth. In fact, it is one of the hallmark symptoms of diabetes ^[1]. If you frequently experience dry mouth, excessive thirst, and excessive urination, you should talk with your doctor about getting tested for diabetes ^[3]. Furthermore, some autoimmune diseases, such as Sjögren’s syndrome, can cause dry mouth. Lastly, dry mouth is one of the most common effects of prescription and over-the-counter prescriptions. However, you should take your medications as prescribed by your doctor to protect your health. Keep reading for tips on how to manage your dry mouth, whatever the cause!

How does dry mouth affect your oral tissues?

Saliva is part of your mouth’s natural cleansing mechanism. When it is in short supply, food debris and bacteria collect at higher rates. Bacteria can overgrow, causing an acidic shift in oral pH ^[2]. The more acidic your mouth is, the more the bad bacteria grow, increasing the risk of cavities and gum disease ^[4]. Also, severe dry mouth causes a painful burning sensation in the oral tissues. Burning mouth can impact quality of life.

Is your dry mouth causing bad breath?

Bad breath can be caused by sinus infections or drainage, poor oral home care, oral disease, dry mouth, or an overgrowth of bad bacteria (4). If you suffer from dry mouth, you may also experience bad breath. An unpleasant taste in your mouth is a clue that you have bad breath, or someone may have mentioned your breath odor to you.

What can you do about it?

Depending on the cause of your dry mouth, increasing your water intake can help combat dry mouth. If you are dehydrated, your saliva flow may also decrease. People with dry mouth should avoid too many alcoholic beverages as well as dental products containing alcohol, such as certain mouth rinses. Sugar-free mints and gum can help to stimulate saliva flow. Additionally, lozenges containing xylitol help to fight dry mouth as well as the bacterial overgrowth that may accompany it. If you feel that you are experiencing dry mouth, speak with your dental professional for further guidance on how to protect your oral health!

Rachel Stroble

View My Profile Contact Rachel

Carramolino‐Cuéllar, E., Lauritano, D., Silvestre, F., Carinci, F., Lucchese, A., & Silvestre‐Rangil, J. (2018). Salivary flow and xerostomia in patients with type 2 diabetes. Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine, 47(5), 526–530
https://doi.org/10.1111/jop.12712
Kulshrestha, S., Khan, S., Hasan, S., Khan, M. E., Misba, L., & Khan, A. U. (2015). Calcium fluoride nanoparticles induced suppression of Streptococcus mutans biofilm: An in vitro and in vivo approach. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 100(4), 1901–1914.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-015-7154-4
Little, J. W., Miller, C. S., Rhodus, N. L., & Little, J. W. (2018). Little and Falace’s dental management of the medically compromised patient (Ninth edition.). Elsevier.
Mizutani, S., Ekuni, D., Tomofuji, T., Azuma, T., Kataoka, K., Yamane, M., Iwasaki, Y., & Morita, M. (2015). Relationship between xerostomia and gingival condition in young adults. Journal of Periodontal Research, 50(1), 74–79. https://doi.org/10.1111/jre.12183

The post How does dry mouth cause bad breath? appeared first on Smile Brilliant.

Gingivitis: causes, symptoms & treatments

Lacy Walker — Wed, 21 Jun 2023 06:46:35 +0000

Gingivitis, or gum inflammation, is caused by a variety of factors which, if allowed to progress, can actually lead to tooth loss and other oral & physical health consequences. Look for signs like redness, soreness, or bleeding.

What is gingivitis?

Gingivitis is inflammation of the gums that can be caused by several factors, including poor dental hygiene, diet, hormones, and certain medications. If gingivitis is untreated, it can progress to more severe gum disease, periodontal disease, and bone loss. The condition is isolated to the soft-tissue area of the gingival epithelium and connective tissue. ^[1]

Gingivitis is a less serious form of periodontal disease and is a common condition affecting the gums. Gingivitis can be caused by a build-up of plaque leading to inflammation, redness, and bleeding gums, which is the most typical cause of gingivitis. Plaque is a biofilm that accumulates on the tooth surface and contains many bacteria. Leaving gingivitis untreated can progress to periodontitis, a more serious form of gum disease.

Periodontitis is when the periodontal condition has progressed beyond gingivitis into a chronic, destructive, and irreversible inflammatory disease state. If left untreated, bone loss and further destruction of the supporting tissue surrounding the tooth can become damaged, resulting in tooth loss and bad breath, and may complicate other systemic conditions.

Genetics, environmental, and behavioral factors are involved in the development of the disease, the exposure of susceptible individuals to its initiation, and the speed of progression. ^[2] Strong contributing factors to periodontal disease include smoking, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, and obesity.^[2]

The oral microbiome

The oral microbiome is defined as a collection of microorganisms that reside in the oral cavity. Oral bacteria can populate the human mouth as early as the day you are born. If these bacteria are imbalanced, the harmful bacteria can grow and cause destruction to your teeth and gums, leading to cavities and gum disease.

Common causes typically associated with gingivitis

Diet

An individual’s diet plays a significant role in their oral health, and what you eat directly impacts your oral health. Gingivitis may occur due to a vitamin C deficiency.^[1] A balanced diet rich in nutrients helps to keep teeth and gums healthy. On the other hand, sugary and acidic foods can influence a person’s oral environment making it more susceptible to tooth decay and gum disease. Be mindful of your dietary habits to maintain good oral and systemic health.

Hormones

Hormones play an essential role in oral health. Fluctuations in hormone levels can cause changes in the mouth, such as increased sensitivity or dryness. During adolescence, gingivitis appears earlier in girls (eleven to thirteen years) than in boys (thirteen to fourteen years).^[1]

During pregnancy, it has been suggested that estrogen levels determine the severity of gingival inflammation created against the biofilm at the gingival margin.^[1] Maintaining good oral health will reduce the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Oral pH

Saliva plays an essential role in oral health by washing away food particles and bacteria, influencing tartar formation and gum disease, and keeping the mouth hydrated. Saliva has a normal pH range of 6.2-7.6, with 6.7 being the average pH.^[3]. Healthy saliva contains basic compounds that neutralize acids produced by plaque bacteria.

Pathogens

Salivary diagnostics are a non-invasive way to determine if harmful pathogens are present. Many studies have observed that periodontal pathogens grow at particular pH environments.^[4]

Medications

Certain medications can also affect oral health. Several drugs prescribed for systemic conditions can cause drug-induced gingivitis as a side effect, such as phenytoin (used for epileptic seizures), calcium channel blockers (used for angina and high blood pressure), anticoagulants, and fibrinolytic agents, oral contraceptive agents, protease inhibitors, vitamin A and analogs.^[1]

Gingival Hyperplasia (Enlargement)

Drug-induced gingival overgrowth (DIGO), also referred to as drug-induced gingival enlargement, is noted as a side-effect of certain medications given for non-dental uses where the gums are not the intended target.^[1]^[5]

Gingivitis Prevention

The best way to prevent gingival inflammation is to perform beneficial oral hygiene practices including brushing and cleaning in between the teeth, eating a healthy diet, and avoiding tobacco and vaping products. Continuous collaboration and communication with your primary care physician and dental healthcare professionals will help prevent gingivitis.

If you’re concerned about how hormones, your daily oral hygiene practices, pathogens, diet, or medications may be impacting your oral health, speak to your dentist and healthcare provider for a more holistic approach to your oral-systemic health.

Lacy Walker

LACY WALKER, RDH, BS, CDA, FAAOSH - dental hygienist, speaker, owner of Shared Hygiene, LLC, & writer w/ 25 years of experience in the dental field working in a psychiatric hospital, cosmetic, restorative, DSO, and periodontal practices. Lacy is the CE Director for A Tale of Two Hygienists podcast & Public Relations Chair for the AADH. She has a passion for the oral-systemic connection & is published in DACE, RDH Magazine, & DrBicuspid. Lacy is an approved provider of CE credits through AADH.

View My Profile Contact Lacy

Rathee M, Jain P. Gingivitis. [Updated 2022 Jun 16]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557422/
Könönen, Eija, Mervi Gursoy, and Ulvi Kahraman Gursoy. 2019. “Periodontitis: A Multifaceted Disease of Tooth-Supporting Tissues” Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 8: 1135. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8081135
Baliga, S., Muglikar, S., & Kale, R. (2013). Salivary pH: A diagnostic biomarker. Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology, 17(4), 461–465. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-124X.118317
Koppolu P, Sirisha S, Penala S, et al. Correlation of Blood and Salivary pH Levels in Healthy, Gingivitis, and Periodontitis Patients before and after Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy. Diagnostics (Basel). 2022;12(1):97. Published 2022 Jan 3. doi:10.3390/diagnostics12010097
Tungare S, Paranjpe AG. Drug Induced Gingival Overgrowth. [Updated 2022 Sep 19]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538518/

The post Gingivitis: causes, symptoms & treatments appeared first on Smile Brilliant.

How your diet can soothe dry mouth and reduce cavities

Esmy Ornelas — Mon, 15 May 2023 12:43:02 +0000

1 in 4 people have dry mouth which causes discomfort & tooth decay. A healthy diet can actually support salivary flow, lessening the risk of cavities – find out more.

Xerostomia aka dry mouth affects 1 in 4 people ^[1]. Xerostomia can be caused by a wide range of things like medications, oral cancer, diabetes, and other systemic conditions ^[2]. While there is no cure for Xerostomia, there are things one can do to make it less uncomfortable, starting with the foods they eat.

Why is saliva important?

Dry mouth is a condition caused by decreased salivary flow. While the average person probably doesn’t spend too much time thinking about their saliva, they produce about 0.5 and 1.5 liters of saliva per day ^[3]. Saliva serves many purposes. It lubricates the oral cavity and tissues, consistently cleans bacteria off the teeth, contains buffers that neutralize an acidic Ph, and contains enzymes that are crucial for digestion and nutrient absorption ^[4].

How does dry mouth affect the oral cavity?

When salivary flow is decreased, the oral cavity is impacted significantly. For one, there is an increased susceptibility to cavities because plaque is not removed from the teeth. This is especially problematic in areas that are neglected during brushing like the gum line and the backside of the molars. Plaque is sticky and acts as a food trap. If someone consumes a lot of simple, white carbohydrates and drinks acidic beverages like energy drinks or soda, the pH of the oral cavity becomes acidic. This combination of plaque and acid creates an ideal environment for bacterial growth leading to cavities. A decrease in saliva also affects speech and swallowing as there is no lubrication of the mouth or tongue.

What foods support saliva production?

There is no cure for xerostomia but a few tweaks to the diet can make it more tolerable and decrease the susceptibility to cavities. For starters… less sugar and acidic foods. The truth is no one needs sugary foods or acidic beverages in their diet, but this is especially true for those with dry mouths. Crunchy foods like apples and carrots stimulate saliva flow and the mechanical action of chewing these crispy foods also helps clean teeth, especially the chewing surfaces which are common food traps. Foods with less sodium are also good choices as salt can irritate dry tissues. Hydrating foods like cucumbers and watermelon are soothing to a dry mouth and plain, unsweetened yogurt can help balance an acidic oral pH. In between meals, a sugar-free mint or gum can help stimulate salivary flow. Mints or gum with xylitol is a great option. Xylitol is a plant derivative that inhibits cavity-causing bacteria and promotes the remineralization of tooth enamel ^[5]. It tastes sweet but has no sugar making it a great option for those with a sweet tooth.

There are small changes one can incorporate to make their dry mouth more tolerable. Most of these are simple and require little effort but make a world of difference.

Esmy Ornelas

View My Profile Contact Esmy

Agostini, B. A., Cericato, G. O., Silveira, E. R. D., Nascimento, G. G., Costa, F. D. S., Thomson, W. M., & Demarco, F. F. (2018). How Common is Dry Mouth? Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis of Prevalence Estimates. Brazilian dental journal, 29(6), 606–618. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440201802302
Lorgulescu G. (2009). Saliva between normal and pathological. Important factors in determining systemic and oral health. Journal of medicine and life, 2(3), 303–307. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC50 52503/
Nayak, P. A., Nayak, U. A., & Khandelwal, V. (2014). The effect of xylitol on dental caries and oral flora. Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dentistry, 6, 89–94. https://doi.org/10.2147/CCIDE.S55761
Tiwari M. (2011). Science behind human saliva. Journal of natural science, biology, and medicine, 2(1), 53–58. https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-9668.82322
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). Dry mouth. National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research. https://www.nidcr.nih.gov/health-info/dry-mouth

The post How your diet can soothe dry mouth and reduce cavities appeared first on Smile Brilliant.

Sleep Apnea: Causes, symptoms and treatments

Kari Carter-Cherelus — Wed, 22 Feb 2023 06:37:32 +0000

Sleep apnea is the most common sleep disorder, but it often goes undiagnosed. Aside from creating ongoing disruptions to restful sleep resulting in chronic fatigue, if left untreated, apnea can have a long term effect on overall health.

“It’s raining, it’s pouring. The old man is snoring. And he couldn’t get up in the morning.”- Mother Goose

That nursery rhyme may seem innocent enough, however it sounds as if the poor old man may have possibly suffered from sleep apnea. This disorder affects as many as 22 million Americans alone.

What is obstructive sleep apnea?

Obstructive sleep apnea is the most common, often undiagnosed sleep-related disorder that occurs when you have abnormal reductions in your breathing while you are sleeping.^[1] This is a serious disorder as it may cause you to stop breathing for 20 to 30 seconds numerous times throughout the night, on average 5 times per hour.^[1]^[2] These disruptions can not only reduce the quality of your restful phases of sleep, but can also lead to potentially serious health conditions if left untreated.^[3]

Sleep & obstructive sleep apnea

Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when the upper airway is blocked or constricted while the individual is sleeping, preventing air from passing through normally and contributing to a buildup of carbon dioxide.^[1]^[5]^[6] The person suffering from this disorder awakens due to the blocked airway, gasps for air or takes deep breaths and is often heard snorting or choking.^[1] If this disorder is left untreated it increases the individuals risk to diseases such as heart disease, stroke, diabetes, headache syndromes, high blood pressure, congestive heart failure, and can cause heart rhythm problems.^[3]^[5] Obstructive sleep apnea may also be the cause for job impairment, work-related accidents, motor vehicle crashes, as well as poor school performance in children and adolescents. ^[5]

Symptoms of sleep apnea

Loud snoring that is often accompanied with grasping, snorting, or choking sounds.^[1]^[2]
Restless sleep that has you kicking, thrashing, jerking often accompanied with periods of insomnia throughout the night.^[1]^[2]
Irritability, frustration, or difficulty focusing. (1).^[1]
Dry mouth or a sore throat upon awakening.^[1]^[5]
Excessive tiredness, daytime sleepiness, or fatigue.^[1]^[2]^[5]
Headaches.^[5]
Sexual dysfunction or decreased libido.^[6]
Bad breath that won’t go away.^[4]
High blood pressure.^[6]

Risk Factors

Age: Sleep apnea can occur at any age even amongst infants and children, however the risk increases with age throughout adulthood especially amongst people over the age of forty. ^[1]^[5]
Body weight: Research has shown a correlation between individuals who have a higher body mass index, are overweight, or are obese.^[1]^[3]
Sleeping position: People who sleep on their back are more prone to the disorder due to how the sleeping position affects the airways shape and positioning of the tissue supporting the airway.^[1]
Medications: Chronic prolonged use of opioid drugs and some prescription medications increase one’s risk.
Structural Abnormalities: Individuals who have large necks, enlarged tonsils, small jaw with an overbite, or nasal obstruction have and increased risk.^[5]
Smoking.^[6]
A family history of sleep apnea.^[6]
Asthma.^[6]

Treatment:

One of the most common ways to treat obstructive sleep apnea is to sleep with a CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure) machine and mask.(1) The machine keeps the airway open and delivers constant steady pressure to help you breathe while you sleep.^[1]

Your dentist might discuss with you the option of getting a custom-fitted oral appliance therapy made. Dental appliances help prevent the tongue from blocking the throat and can advance the lower jaw forward, thus helping to keep the airway open while sleeping.^[5]

Surgery might be suggested that removes excess tissue in the throat and expands the airway.^[1] This might prove helpful to individuals who have tissue that is obstructing their airway. Another option it to have a surgical treatment that implants a device that stimulated a nerve to help control your breathing.^[1]^[5] Other surgery options are to repair abnormalities that cause obstructions when you breath, removal of adenoids and tonsils, or repairing the defects in facial structures.^[3]

Many have found that making lifestyle changes such as: losing weight, exercising regularly, alternating sleep positions, and reducing alcohol consumption has helped them to manage their symptoms.^[5]

It is important to discuss any symptoms you have with your medical doctor or your dentists so that you can avoid the risk of major health problems.^[3] They will probably recommend a sleep study that will determine your breathing patterns and help the doctor develop a customized treatment plan for you to treat and manage your condition.^[3]

Kari Carter-Cherelus

Kari Carter-Cherelus RDH, DA is a registered Dental Hygienist, writer, consultant, coach, international keynote speaker, with 23 years of experience in dentistry. She is passionate about helping others recover from burnout, improving organization’s work culture, and helping her clients to improve their mindset. She authored the book The Ultimate Guide For Dental Hygienist Burnout, and has written for RDH Graduate, RDH Magazine, and Inside Dental Hygiene.

View My Profile Contact Kari

References

Sleep Foundation. https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-apnea
John Hopkins Medicine. 4 Signs You Might Have Sleep Apnea. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/4-signs-you-might-have-sleep-apnea
John Hopkins Medicine. Obstructive Sleep Apnea. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/obstructive-sleep-apnea
Mayo Clinic. CPAP machines: Tips for avoiding 10 common problems. 2021, October 27. ://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sleep-apnea/in-depth/cpap/art-20044164
Cleveland Clinic. Oral Appliance Therapy for Obstructive Sleep Apnea. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/21129-oral-appliance-therapy-for-sleep-apnea
Mayo Clinic. 2021, October 27. Sleep Apnea. ://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/obstructive-sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20352090

The post Sleep Apnea: Causes, symptoms and treatments appeared first on Smile Brilliant.

What really causes morning breath & how to stop it

Lacy Walker — Sun, 05 Feb 2023 11:54:58 +0000

Morning breath is a frustrating & embarrassing condition for people that are regularly brushing & flossing but nothing seems to stop it. Learn the causes and how to get rid of it.

What causes morning breath?

Morning breath, an unpleasant odor, is caused by the build-up of bacteria in the mouth during the night and can cause anxiety and social embarrassment. When you sleep, your mouth becomes dry, and this allows bacteria to multiply. Bad breath, also known as halitosis, is a common problem that can be caused by a variety of factors, including poor dental hygiene, cavities, certain foods and drinks, smoking, and medical conditions.

Oral malodor (halitosis) is common, and 8-50% of people perceive that they have persistent, recurrent episodes of oral malodor.^[1] Oral malodor typically originates directly from the oral cavity secondary to periodontitis (gum disease), tongue debris, poor oral hygiene, deep caries (cavities), inadequately fitted restorations, or endodontic lesions. ^[2]^[7] In a study that investigated salivary flow, dryness of the oral cavity is considered as one of the causes of oral malodor.^[3]

Saliva influences morning breath: Why is saliva production lower at night? How mouth breathing can affect morning breath

Saliva is more than just spit! It plays an essential role in your oral health and influences your morning breath. Saliva is the mouth’s natural cleanser and helps to remove food and bacteria from the teeth and gums to keep your mouth healthy. Saliva contains enzymes that help to break down food, assists in washing away food debris and bacteria, and contains minerals that help to remineralize your teeth to prevent cavities.

The absence of saliva causes an increase in Volatile Sulfur Compounds, VSCs, and the detection of VSCs can aid in the identification of their source.^[3]^[8] Furthermore, sleeping with your mouth open can cause more dryness in addition to what naturally occurs at night and can influence the severity of morning breath.

Other causes that affect morning breath

Poor oral hygiene

The plaque that occurs naturally can accumulate on your teeth, contributing to morning breath. Wearing dentures at night and inadequate tongue cleaning can also contribute to morning breath. Morning breath is caused by stagnation of saliva and putrefaction of entrapped food particles, an accumulation of bacteria on the tongue recognized clinically as coated tongue, and a decrease in liquid intake. ^[3] A coated tongue is a grayish-white deposit on the tongue and is one of the main causes of bad breath, which is a socially unacceptable condition. ^[4]. Tongue anatomy can also play a role in the accumulation of bacteria. For example, a fissured tongue (grooves on the top of the tongue) provides the ideal environment for bacteria to grow. According to the American Academy of Oral Medicine, a fissured tongue occurs in about 5% of the U.S. population, and men are affected slightly more commonly than women.^[5]

Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory disease of the tissue supporting the teeth. If the gum tissue is compromised with the accumulation of pathogenic bacteria (bacteria that cause disease), it could lead to the unwanted side effect of bad breath. Halitosis is a common complaint in the population of patients affected by periodontitis.^[6]

Cavities

Poor oral hygiene and consuming food and sipping drinks high in sugar throughout the day can contribute to the development of cavities.

Smoking

Smoking is a major cause of bad breath because it dries out the mouth and increases the build-up of bacteria. It also stains the teeth and leaves a lingering smell on the breath.

Food consumption

Certain foods, such as garlic, onions, and spicy foods, can cause bad breath due to their strong odors. Other foods, such as coffee and citrus fruits, can also contribute to bad breath. Prevalence of bad breath is very common in the general population, and nearly more than 50% of the general population has bad breath. ^[7]

ENT

Most halitosis patients seen in an ENT (Ear, Nose & Throat) practice can be localized to the tongue. ^[8] Volatile sulfur compounds originate mainly from the oral and nasal cavities.^[9] Acute or chronic throat infections, postnasal drip, and tonsilloliths (tonsil stones) can contribute to bad breath. Tonsil stones are stones that arise as a result of calcium being deposited in conjunction with bacteria in the crevices of the tonsils.

When your head is full of mucus, either due to allergies or sickness, the mucus provides a food source for the bacteria in your mouth and throat, and this creates an environment for these bacteria to produce odors.

GI disease processes: Diabetes and GERD

Certain medical conditions, such as diabetes and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) can cause bad breath due to the build-up of bacteria in the mouth or due to other factors associated with these conditions. A fishy-smelling breath is reflective of kidney problems, while fruity-smelling breath can be a sign of diabetes. Regardless of the oral conditions, a study has reported that GERD-related symptoms were associated with halitosis.^[10] People with diabetes have high blood sugar levels that increase glucose levels in saliva. This provides food for bacteria in the mouth and leads to the build-up of dental plaque, contributing to bad breath and gum disease.

How to prevent morning breath?

While there’s no complete way to eliminate morning breath, there are a few things you can do to lessen the severity, such as brushing your teeth, utilizing a tongue cleaner, using mouthwash, chewing sugar-free gum, taking probiotics, and avoiding tobacco and sugary foods before bed. Antibacterial mouth rinsing agents act on halitosis-producing bacteria.^[3] However, mouthwashes may only provide temporary relief, and if they contain alcohol, it can influence the severity of morning breath.

Reducing plaque buildup on the teeth and tongue will help in reducing your risk of developing cavities and morning breath. Tongue scrapers are shaped according to the anatomy of the tongue and reduce 75% of the VSCs compared to only 45% using a toothbrush.^[3] Sugar-free chewing gum could be considered a therapeutic alternative to decrease or neutralize the amount of VSCs present in oral breath.^[8] Morning breath can be easily treated once you know the source and the continuity of seeing your dental healthcare professional on a regular basis based on your needs.

Lacy Walker

View My Profile Contact Lacy

References

Porter, S. R., & Scully, C. (2006). Oral malodour (halitosis). BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 333(7569), 632–635. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38954.631968.AE
Suzuki, N., Fujimoto, A., Yoneda, M. et al. Resting salivary flow independently associated with oral malodor. BMC Oral Health 17, 23 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-016-0255-3
Kapoor, U., Sharma, G., Juneja, M., & Nagpal, A. (2016). Halitosis: Current concepts on etiology, diagnosis and management. European journal of dentistry, 10(2), 292–300. https://doi.org/10.4103/1305-7456.178294
Seerangaiyan, K., Jüch, F., & Winkel, E. G. (2018). Tongue coating: its characteristics and role in intra-oral halitosis and general health-a review. Journal of breath research, 12(3), 034001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1752-7163/aaa3a1
https://www.aaom.com/fissured-tongue
Musić, L., Par, M., Peručić, J., Badovinac, A., Plančak, D., & Puhar, I. (2021). Relationship Between Halitosis and Periodontitis: a Pilot Study. Acta stomatologica Croatica, 55(2), 198–206. https://doi.org/10.15644/asc55/2/9
Aylıkcı, B. U., & Colak, H. (2013). Halitosis: From diagnosis to management. Journal of natural science, biology, and medicine, 4(1), 14–23. https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-9668.107255
Krespi YP, Shrime MG, Kacker A. The relationship between oral malodor and volatile sulfur compound–producing bacteria. Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery. 2006;135(5):671-676. doi:10.1016/j.otohns.2005.09.036
MK Nakhleh,M Quatredeniers,H Haick. Detection of halitosis in breath: Between the past, present, and future. First published: 16 June 2017 https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.12699
Struch, F., Schwahn, C., Wallaschofski, H., Grabe, H. J., Völzke, H., Lerch, M. M., Meisel, P., & Kocher, T. (2008). Self-reported halitosis and gastro-esophageal reflux disease in the general population. Journal of general internal medicine, 23(3), 260–266. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-007-0486-8

The post What really causes morning breath & how to stop it appeared first on Smile Brilliant.

What you don’t know about mouthwash and which to avoid

Kari Carter-Cherelus — Wed, 09 Nov 2022 17:39:02 +0000

Why some mouthwashes can actually cause bad breath and damage rather than prevent it.

Why you should remove certain mouthwashes from your oral care routine

Using mouthwash is a familiar part of our oral care routine. Many rely on mouthwashes to help them to battle bad breath, however some can contribute to adverse effects to our oral health. While the use of mouthwashes does not replace brushing and flossing, the usage of certain mouthwashes might prove beneficial for some people.^[1]

Do you need alcohol in your mouthwash to enjoy the cleaning benefits?

Many mouthwashes contain alcohol that produces a familiar burning sensation that many perceive to be what is cleaning their mouth. The alcohol that is in some mouthwashes actually strips away good bacteria along with bad bacteria from our oral microbiome. This reduces saliva production and can contribute to dry mouth, and in-turn increase your risk to cavities. Having sufficient saliva in your mouth is important to lubricate your oral environment.^[2]

Types of Mouthwashes

There are two main types of mouthwashes that are frequently used: cosmetic and therapeutic.^[1] Cosmetic mouthwashes may temporarily control bad breath and leave behind a pleasant refreshing taste. They do not however treat or prevent plaque buildup, prevent decay, kill bacteria that causes bad breath, or provide any other lasting benefit.^[1]

Therapeutic mouthwashes can help to reduce plaque, gingivitis, dissolve oils that contribute to bad breath, and help to prevent tooth decay. They may contain active ingredients that are beneficial for building up good bacteria in the mouth such as fluoride, xylitol, essential oils, and zinc.^[1] Some prescription and over the counter mouthwashes can help provide relief and manage mouth sores or irritation that may occur when undergoing chemotherapy or radiation treatments.^[3] The ultimate goal in our oral care routine is to limit decay and gum disease. Using a therapeutic mouthwash can help us to achieve this goal along with thorough brushing and flossing.

What You Can Do

Your diet is a contributory factor in the health of your oral microbiome. A modern diet often contains high levels of sugar, acidic, and processed foods that contribute to a lowered pH level in the mouth. A lowered pH level coupled with an overgrowth of bad bacteria in our mouths contributes to an increased presence of cavities, stains, and the prevalence of bad breath. Certain health conditions such as diabetes or chronic acid reflux can contribute to bad breath.^[3] Consuming a diet that is rich in calcium, vitamin D, magnesium, phosphorus, and using a pH balancing mouthwashes can be beneficial to maintaining an optimal healthy oral microbiome.

Often bad bacteria is present on our tongue. Using a tongue scraper can help to remove this harmful bacteria that contributes to bad breath, cavities, and improves digestive health.^[2] The key to a healthy microbiome is keeping the oral bacteria balanced, practicing good oral hygiene habits, and regularly going to your dentist. A dentist can help you to determine the root cause of your dental issues and help treat the cause rather that you just treating the symptoms.^[3]

Kari Carter-Cherelus

View My Profile Contact Kari

References

ADA. (2021, December 1). Mouthrinse (Mouthwash). https://www.ada.org/resources/research/science-and-research-institute/oral-health-topics/mouthrinse-mouthwash
Burhenne, Mark. (2018, July 10). Is Mouthwash Bad for You? Best Mouthwash + Risks and Alternatives. https://askthedentist.com/mouthwash-risks-and-alternatives/
The Ohio State University. Mariotti, Angelo. (2022, March 8). https://health.osu.edu/health/dental-health/does-mouthwash-kill-the-mouths-healthy-bacteria

The post What you don’t know about mouthwash and which to avoid appeared first on Smile Brilliant.

8 Easy Ways to Stop Bad Breath

Tess Tryfonopoulos — Mon, 24 Oct 2022 11:02:40 +0000

How to eliminate bad breath when brushing and mouthwash alone don’t work.

Do you notice bad breath even though you’ve been regularly brushing your teeth? Have you tried every mouthwash, mint & paste on the market with no success? You’re not alone – an estimated 1 out of 4 people globally suffer from chronic bad breath^[3]. This can be an ongoing struggle for many people if the root cause is not addressed ^[2].

The #1 Cause of Bad Breath

Bad breath, or halitosis, is most commonly caused by the breakdown of leftover food not removed by routine brushing and flossing^[5]. Plaque builds up on the surface of your teeth & bacteria grows, producing an unpleasant odor. In most cases, brushing & flossing removes the food and the plaque, eliminating bad breath^[1].

Other Common Causes of Bad Breath

Tobacco use – associated with increased gum disease leading to bad breath^[5].
Dry mouth – which can occur naturally through dehydration (ie, morning breath), due to some medications, or due to open-mouth sleeping. The consequence is lack of saliva, which is responsible for cleaning debris from the mouth, which produces odor^[2].
Dentures – can harbor bacteria & food waste if not cleaned regularly & thoroughly^[1].
Illness – Respiratory infections found in your mouth, nose, and lungs, such as bronchitis, sinusitis, or even post nasal drip from the common cold, can have a direct effect on breath. Other types of illness like Diabetes, gastrointestinal disorders, and liver/kidney diseases can also contribute^[4].

Oral Microbiome & Bad Breath

For those suffering from a more chronic issue, the cause may be due to imbalance of the bacterial microbiome. Your mouth is home to hundreds of types of bacteria, the composition of which is specific to you & closely associated with primary childhood caregivers & influenced in adulthood by a variety of lifestyle factors including diet. Based on this combination of factors, some people are more prone to bad breath.

If we suffer from chronic bad breath, our inclination may be to wipe out all the bacteria & their byproducts. But recent studies in microbiology suggest that antiseptic mouthwashes & products disrupt the important bacterial composition & dry the mouth, creating a vicious cycle of bad breath and other issues^[3].

New research encourages preservation of the microbiome & looks for solutions to tweak the balance in targeted ways, such as mouthwashes that simply neutralize the stinky sulfur compounds produced by bad bacteria, or to dental probiotics which deter the growth of harmful bacteria in favor of a more healthy composition ^[3].

How to Stop Bad Breath

Brush at least twice per day.
Floss to remove debris between teeth.
Visit the dentist for regular cleaning exams.
Clean dentures & dental restorations daily to prevent bacterial growth & transfer to the mouth.
Change the toothbrush or toothbrush head every 2-3 months.
Stay hydrated & chew sugarless gum to promote saliva production^[4].
Maintain a healthy diet that provides a wide range of nutrients & is free of excess sugar^[5].
Daily dental (oral) probiotic to shift the natural balance of good bacteria, reducing unpleasant gasses production long term^[3].

Tess Tryfonopoulos

Tess is a student at the University of Missouri – Columbia studying French and Journalism with an emphasis in Strategic Communications and a minor in Political Science. She is a former copywriter for Relevant Youth Marketing and is now an account manager for the company; she also works part-time as a writing tutor for undergraduate students. Tess will graduate in May of 2024 and hopes to work in advertising as an account manager or copywriter.

References

Bad Breath Causes – American Dental Association. (n.d.). Retrieved October 21, 2022, from https://www.mouthhealthy.org/en/az-topics/b/bad-breath
Bad breath – Symptoms and causes.(2018, March 10). Mayo Clinic. Retrieved October 21, 2022, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bad-breath/symptoms-causes/syc-20350922
Franklin, D. (2013, May 1). To Beat Bad Breath, Keep the Bacteria in Your Mouth Happy. Scientific American. Retrieved October 21, 2022, from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/beat-bad-breath-keep-mouth-bacteria-happy/?error=cookies_not_supported&code=61ea386d-70a6-4296-b388-7648469a78c4
Halitosis (Bad Breath). (2020, February 28). Johns Hopkins Medicine. Retrieved October 21, 2022, from https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/halitosis-bad-breath
Newman, T. (2018, January 10). Everything you need to know about bad breath. Retrieved October 21, 2022, from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/166636

The post 8 Easy Ways to Stop Bad Breath appeared first on Smile Brilliant.